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Hatha yoga texts began to emerge between the 9th and 11th century with origins in tantra. The most comprehensive text on Yoga, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date to the early centuries CE, while Yoga philosophy came to be marked as one of the six orthodox philosophical schools of Hinduism in the second half of the first millennium. Yoga continued to develop as a systematic study and practice during the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, in ancient India's ascetic, and Śramaṇa movements. The first known formal appearance of the word "yoga", with the same meaning as the modern term, is in the Katha Upanishad, probably composed between the fifth and third century BCE. Yoga is first mentioned in the Rigveda and also referenced in many Upanishads. The synthesis model argues that yoga is a synthesis of indigenous, non-Aryan practices with Aryan elements this model is favoured in western scholarship. The linear model argues that yoga has Aryan origins, as reflected in the Vedic textual corpus, and influenced Buddhism according to author Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle, this model is mainly supported by Hindu scholars. There are broadly two kinds of theories on the origins of yoga.
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There are a broad variety of the schools of yoga, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and traditional forms and modern methods of yoga are practiced worldwide. Yoga ( / ˈ j oʊ ɡ ə/ ( listen) Sanskrit: योग, lit.'yoke' or 'union' pronounced ) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines that originated in ancient India, aimed at controlling ('yoking') and stilling the mind, and recognizing the detached 'witness-consciousness' as untouched by the activities of the mind ( Citta) and mundane suffering ( Duḥkha). Statue of Shiva performing yogic meditation in Padmasana